FINAL+EXAM+-+PPT+ANSWERS+ADDED+6-15!!!!

Here's a copy of the PPT you've been working on in class with responses provided. Remember that you can hand your COMPLETED version in before the final to receive extra credit (and not just the answers I've given you on the attached file!!!!!!!). Make sure to have a look at the NOTES for the slides, too. Also, remember that you can bring in a rock or mineral on the day of the exam to identify for a little bit more EC.



__**YOUR EARTH SCIENCE FINAL EXAM BEGINS AT 8:00 A.M. ON TUESDAY 6-17.**__Your exam will consist of approximately 85 questions and one open-ended response question as we discussed in class.

__**DO NOT FORGET TO BRING IN YOUR TEXTBOOK. YOU WILL NOT BE ABLE TO TAKE THE EXAM ON TUESDAY IF YOU DO NOT BRING IN YOUR TEXT. IF YOU HAVE LOST YOUR TEXT, THERE IS A $75 FEE THAT YOU WILL HAVE TO PAY IN ORDER TO TAKE THE EXAM ON FRIDAY - MAKE-UP DAY.**__

I will be at WHS tomorrow from a little after 9 a.m. until approximately 1 p.m. - I'll be in Rm. 157.

See you soon! Happy studying..........

//Important Topics Covered This Year//

Unit 1: Nature of Science/Earth Systems
 * The scientific method includes the formulation of an hypothesis, the development of a theory, and ultimately, proving the theory as law (or scientific principle).
 * A theory can never be proven true. It can be supported by data, but the next experiment could prove the theory false, and therefore it can never be absolutely true.
 * Science is always changing. It is tentative. It is messy! Theories evolve as new technologies develop to collect better and more precise data.
 * Communities drive science through their beliefs, morals, and needs for technology, which drives what science studies.
 * Earth is a closed system made up of interacting systems found in each of Earth's five spheres.
 * Latitude and longitude are part of the coordinate system that is used to locate any point on the surface of the Earth.

Unit 2: Deep Space
 * There are three types of spectra – emission, absorption, and continuous
 * Wavelengths within the spectrum are associated with energy – the shorter the wavelength, the higher energy the object is giving off that wavelength (also the hotter the object the shorter the wavelength)
 * Emission and absorption spectrums are unique to each element and compound. They can be used to determine the chemical composition of the object giving off that spectrum
 * The Doppler effect helps scientists to determine the rate at which objects are moving, and the direction they are moving relative to a stationary object. A red shift indicates it is moving away, a blue shift indicates it is moving towards
 * The Nebular Theory is used to explain the formation of the solar system; the Big Bang theory is used to explain the formation of the universe. The solar system formed significantly later than the universe.

Unit 3: Earth’s motions in space:
 * Earth rotates around its axis and revolves around the sun (as all planets in the solar system do)
 * Earth wobbles within these motions in cycles known as the Milankovitch cycles.
 * Tides occur because of the sun and moon’s gravitational pull. The earth also interacts with the sun and moon to create various moon phases.
 * Seasons occur because of Earth’s axial tilt. The hemisphere tilted towards the sun receives direct rays and is in the summer season. The hemisphere tilted away from the sun receives indirect rays and is in the winter season. Both the N and S hemispheres experiences opposite seasons at the same time.

Unit 4: Climate
 * The Earth is heated by the sun but many things happen to short-wave radiation as the light reaches Earth. Some is reflected by Earth’s albedo. Some is absorbed by Earth, and then reemitted as long-wave radiation. Ultimately, greenhouse gases absorb the longwave radiation and SLOW the heat from leaving, which warms the Earth.
 * The earth is in thermal equilibrium, which not only allows the Earth to give off long-wave radiation, but allows heat to be transported from the equator to the poles.
 * A location’s climate is determined by many factors, including latitude, altitude, ocean currents, proximity to water, pressure belts, topography, and albedo.
 * The three methods of heat transfer are radiation, convection, and conduction. Convection is the most important process in moving heat in the oceans and the atmosphere.
 * Pressure Gradient Force, friction, and the Coriolos Effect are three main variables that control wind speed and/or direction.
 * Divergence and convergence are the horizontal deflections of air either at the Earth’s surface or in the jet stream. This motion can either strengthen or weaken a high/low pressure system, depending on its motion in correspondence to the pressure system and its altitude.

Unit 5 (a): Rocks and Minerals
 * A mineral is an inorganic, naturally occurring solid with a definite chemical composition and a crystalline structure. A rock generally can be defined as an aggregate of minerals; some sedimentary rocks, however, are not strictly made out of minerals.
 * Minerals can be classified based on specific physical characteristics, including luster, streak, hardness, and whether or not the mineral is metallic or non-metallic. Some minerals can have the same chemical composition but different physical characteristics because of how they were formed (e.g., diamond versus graphite).
 * Minerals are separated into specific groups based on chemical composition, with the silicates as the most common group of rock-forming minerals.
 * There are three types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Igneous rocks are made from cooled and hardened magma. Metamorphic rocks are made from other rocks that go through extreme temperature and pressure changes. Sedimentary rocks are made from the process of lithification (compaction and cementation) from sediment that has been weathered and eroded. Each rock type has specific characteristics that helps to determine if the rock is igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic.
 * Igneous rocks are divided into two broad categories: intrusive and extrusive. Texture and composition can help tell how the rock formed, and helps to classify igneous rocks.
 * The rock cycle is driven by both Earth’s internal heat and the sun. It cycles rock matter through Earth and takes millions of years.
 * Weathering breaks down the rock while erosion transports it. There are many methods of erosion, including wind, waves, glaciers, and streams. Glaciers created much of New England’s topography. The last period of glaciation in the NE area ended approximately 12,000 years ago.

Unit 5 (b): Plate Tectonics
 * Plate tectonics is driven by Earth’s internal heat and convection currents in the mantle.
 * There are seven major tectonic plates that interact at three types of boundaries – divergent, convergent, and transform.
 * Continental crust is made up predominantly of //granite// (less dense, and therefore more buoyant; thicker crustal layer); oceanic crust is made up primarily of //basalt// (dense; less buoyant; thinner crustal layer). At subduction zone boundaries where oceanic and continental crustal material meet, the dense, less buoyant oceanic crust is subducted, or pushed below, the continental crust, where it is “recycled”!
 * Subduction zones surround the Pacific Plate and are responsible for most of the Earth’s volcanic activity and earthquakes. This is known as the “ring of fire”.
 * The amount of gases in magma determines the explosiveness of a volcano, which is largely dependent on plate activity at the boundaries.
 * Magma forms due to 3 different factors – decompression melting, water content, and heat. It occurs in three different locations – hot spots (continental or oceanic), divergent boundaries, or convergent boundaries.

Our changing climate……….(info. we discussed throughout the year; some from videos!)
 * Climate change has happened throughout Earth’s history and depends on many natural factors including plate tectonics, volcanism, Milankovitch cycles, and emission of greenhouse gases.
 * Previous climates can be measured through various methods depending on how far back of a climate someone is trying to study, such as through tree rings, glacial core samples, sediment samples, and fossils.
 * The carbon cycle has various sinks and sources that either take CO2 out of or put it into the atmosphere. The balance of sinks and sources at any one given time will impact Earth’s current climate. Anthropogenic sources are thought to be a significant source in the carbon cycle, which enhances the greenhouse effect.

JEOPARDY REVIEW: